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Luxembourg is the cozy capital of the country of the same name. At the strategically important site where Roman trade routes intersected, fortifications have been built ever since the city’s founding on the rocky promontories on the Alzette River.
Raised across the river are the compact city centers with atmospheric plazas, churches, museums and many places of magnificent views of the river valley to some of the city’s newer neighborhoods. This is where you will find, among others, the Luxembourg Grand Duke’s Palace, the city’s cathedral and several atmospheric plazas with Place d’Armes at the forefront.
Luxembourg’s status as home to several EU institutions has made it an international city. This can be seen in the district of Kirchberg, where the EU buildings are located, and in the street scene, where both population and visitors come from all parts of the continent.
The city of Luxembourg in the Roman geography gives close access to German Trier, and of course there are many excursion destinations in the Principality, which as the capital is convenient to travel in without long distances. The countryside is green, beautiful and hilly, and nice provincial towns, vineyards and castles are among the sights.
Plëss d’Arem/Place d’Armes is one of Luxembourg’s central squares. Originally completed in 1671, it was most recently renovated in the late 1900s to its current appearance. The square is a popular meeting place and always full of people, and there are many eateries and cafés with outdoor dining in the season.
At the eastern end of the square you can see the building Cercle Municipal, the City Palace, which was built 1904-1909 as one of the city’s administration and representation buildings. For a time, Cercle Municipal housed parts of the European Coal and Steel Union Court, which has had addresses in several places in the city.
At the opposite end of the square stands the Dicks-Lentz monument, inaugurated in 1903 in honor of the two Luxembourgish poets Dicks and Lentz.
In 1996, the Luxembourg City Museum opened in the exciting museum building built over several old houses in the heart of the old city of Luxembourg. The main entrance with the modern glass section is in the Rue du Saint-Esprit, while the back entrance is in the city’s old fortress wall on the city’s corniche.
Over several floors, the museum depicts the city’s history, including social and architectural, since its foundation in 963. There are both permanent exhibitions that convey the city’s history, and changing exhibitions with different themes.
Chemin de la Corniche is a road that has been called Europe’s most beautiful balcony. This is because the road offers one of the most beautiful views in Luxembourg. The road follows the old and now partially demolished fortifications around the city, which the French and Spaniards built in the 17th century.
Right up until 1870, the Chemin de la Corniche was a route with steep stairs along the way. When the fortifications were dismantled, the road could be built as it looks today. On the same occasion, other structures were demolished, which gave the beautiful panoramic view over the Alzette river and to the exciting buildings of the Grund district on the Rham plateau, which can be enjoyed on a stroll along the Corniche.
This museum opened its doors in 1939. During the following decades, the collections grew, and the first expansion took place in the 1960s, while the actual expansion into today’s modern museum took place in the period 1999-2002.
At the museum you can see a large and varied art collection that goes back to excavated Roman finds and moves through all eras of Luxembourg’s history to the present day.
The Grand Ducal Palace in Luxembourg is the official residence of the country’s regent, who holds the title of Grand Duke. It is also here that the duke performs part of the duties as monarch.
The palace was built in 1572 according to Adam Roberti’s drawings. At the time, it was the city’s town hall, and it replaced the previous town hall, which had been destroyed after an explosion in a gunpowder store in 1554.
The building was extended in the 18th century and again in 1859, and in 1890 the central building of the complex was fitted out as the city residence for the country’s Grand Duke.
Our Lady Cathedral is the Roman Catholic cathedral in both the city and country of Luxembourg. It was founded as a Jesuit church and the foundation stone was laid in 1613. This happened ten years after the Jesuits had established a college in the town and their new church was consecrated in 1621.
The Jesuits left Luxembourg in 1773, and five years later Empress Maria Theresia gave the church to the city of Luxembourg. The church was renamed the Church of Our Lady in 1848 after receiving a miraculous icon, and in 1870 Pope Pius IX elevated the church to cathedral status.
The church was built in Dutch Late Gothic architecture, but you can also see many features from the Renaissance. The cathedral was expanded in 1935-1938, and it is thus not only the original church that can be seen today. From the old Jesuit church you can see, among other things, the western tower, but the other two towers date from the 1930s.
Today you can experience a nice and bright church room, where there are many fine details in the decoration. This applies, for example, to the cathedral’s glass mosaics. Several of Luxembourg’s former grand dukes and grand duchess are buried in the cathedral’s crypt; e.g. Jean, who was Grand Duke from 1964 to 2000.
The Bock Rock is the hearth of Luxembourg City, being the site that Count Siegfried bought in 963 and on which he subsequently built his castle. Thus, Luxembourg was founded, and the place proved to be easy to defend in addition to its strategic location. On three sides, Siegfried’s castle was surrounded by river valleys and the rivers Alzette and Pétrusse. The castle was accessible only from the west, and that was also the direction in which the city developed. The current connecting bridge with the city was built in 1735.
After the Spanish Habsburgs took over the area, they built a new castle in 1620, but this was destroyed during the French conquest of the city in 1684. Subsequently, the former fortress positions were largely restored on three rocky outcrops, known as Great Bock, Middle Bock and Lille Bock. During Maria Theresia’s rule, the fortress was strengthened with 25 underground cannon emplacements; it was in the period 1737-1746 that the so-called Bock casemates were built.
From the Bock rock there is an excellent view of the lower parts of the city, the suburbs of Grund, Clausen and Pfaffenthal. On the opposite side of the Alzette river you can see, among other things, the Neumünster Abbey.
The Adolphe Bridge is one of Luxembourg’s landmarks. It lies beautifully above the stream Pétrusse, and it was built when the new districts developed south of the stream and the old district. The bridge is also called Den Nye Bro, Nei Bréck/Nouveau Pont, although it was built in 1900-1903.
The name is because it is newer than the Passerelle bridge. The design is a copy of the Walnut Lane Bridge in Pennsylvania. At the time of construction, it was the stone bridge in the world that had the largest span on an arch, it measures 85 meters. From the west side of the bridge you can zigzag down to the Pétrusse valley.
This square was created by Vauban in 1685. Previously, the strong Beck bastion (1644) had been built on the site, and it was this that was raised and thereby formed the basis for the establishment of the square itself, which today is a beautiful vantage point.
On the square stands the Memorial Monument/Monument du Souvenir, which was erected in memory of the country’s fallen and fighting in the First World War. It consists of a 21 meter high granite obelisk with a golden lady on top. She is called Gëlle Fra and symbolically extends a laurel wreath to the nation of Luxembourg.
MUDAM is the name of Luxembourg’s finest museum of modern art. It is a museum with an exciting location, as the museum was built on the site of the old Fort Thüngen. The building was designed by award-winning architect Ieoh Ming Pei and the museum was inaugurated in 2006.
MUDAM was established without an established art collection and focused on acquiring works by contemporary artists. Today you can experience a large and exciting collection of works in which many artists are represented. These include Alvar Aalto, Andy Warhol, Bruce Nauman and Daniel Buren.
Bourscheid Castle is incredibly picturesque 150 meters above the meandering course of the Sûre River through a hilly, wooded landscape. There is only one way up from the northwest to the large castle ruins, which testifies to a well-chosen position that has been easy to defend.
The castle area is 12,000 m², which is divided between the castle’s 151×53 meters and the ring wall with the 11 watchtowers. Today, the castle itself is a well-preserved ruin that gives an elegant insight into traditional medieval castle building style.
There have been defensive positions on the site from early times, among other things, excavations have revealed traces from the Romans and the French Merovingians. The earliest stone construction dates back to approximately the year 1000. Around 1350, the large ring wall was begun, and it was completed in 1384. With the strengthening ring wall, several houses were built inside, for example the Stolzemburger house.
The last member of the Bourscheid family died in 1512, and that was the beginning of the downfall of the castle. The maintenance was not top notch, so several buildings became uninhabitable, and in the 17th century the place was largely depopulated. However, the Stolzemburger House continued to be a residence.
In 1803, the last resident moved from the castle, and nine years later the castle and the grounds were sold to a private owner. In 1936 the castle was declared a national monument, and in 1972 the state bought the ruin, restored it and opened it to visitors.
The town of Clervaux lies idyllically in a valley among wooded mountains. A visit is like stepping back several centuries to the Middle Ages; you can almost sense the whir of history in the narrow streets.
Clervaux’s biggest attraction is the castle, which dates back to the 12th century. It was the residence of the Count of Clervaux, and throughout the Middle Ages it was continuously expanded. In the castle, there are various exhibitions, including the model museum, where you can see models of old castles and palaces from Luxembourg. Close to the castle is the city’s two-towered church in Romanesque style, built in 1910.
Raised above the town of Clervaux and with a magnificent location on a hilltop, a distinctive red stone monastery church was built in 1909. In the church there is an exhibition about church customs, and the site is one of several vantage points with a beautiful view over Clervaux.
Like several other towns in Luxembourg, Vianden is a particularly cozy town with a medieval atmosphere and a majestic castle that dominates the cityscape. The town is also known for having housed the French poet Victor Hugo on several occasions, who greatly appreciated the beautiful landscape around Vianden. During his time in the city, Hugo wrote, among other things, part of L’Année Terrible. Today, a museum has been set up for Victor Hugo in Vianden (Rue de la Gare 37).
The town’s castle was built from the 13th century, and it was expanded many times until the 17th century. In its time as a residence, the castle was protected by walls and towers that can still be seen, e.g. the White Tower to the northwest and the Black Tower to the northeast. Of the castle’s interior, the Little Palace, the Great Palace and the chapel are particularly worth seeing with their beautifully preserved halls.
Among the more recent attractions is the hydroelectric plant, which is one of Europe’s largest. It was built 1959-1964 and consists of a dammed, artificial lake with a capacity of 6,000,000 m³ as well as the power plant facilities themselves, consisting of nine turbines.
Trier is known as Germany’s oldest city. It was founded by Celts in the 4th century BC. on the banks of the Moselle, and later it was conquered by the Romans, who named it Augusta Treverorum. Trier was also an important city in the later German-Roman Empire, and today there are several monuments and buildings in the city that have been included in UNESCO’s World Heritage List.
Trier is one of the large cities in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and there are many attractions in the cozy city center. From the Roman era you can see the impressive gate building Porta Nigra, probably the most famous of its time. The construction of the large city gate started around the year 170, and over time a church was built here. Napoleon returned the Porta Nigra to a Roman construction, and it is the largest Roman city gate north of the Alps.
5 Rue Alphonse Weicker
auchan.lu
Route d’Arlon
belle-etoile.lu
80 Route de Longwy
concorde.lu
26 Place de la Gare
2 Rue des Romains
walfer-shopping-center.lu
Nationalmusée fir Naturgeschicht/Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle
Fëschmaart/Marché aux Poissons
mnhn.lu
Musée des P&T
4 Rue d’Epernay
pt.lu
Jardin des Papillons
Route du Vin, Grevenmacher
papillons.lu
Musée de Tramways et de Bus
Rue de Bouillon 63
rail.lu/tramsmusee.html
Train 1900
Pétange, 25 km/16 mi SW
train1900.lu
Luxembourg’s official founding took place in 963, when Count Siegfried bought a rock outcrop on the Alzette River by the church in the nearby town of Trier.
The rocky promontory was the meeting point of two ancient Roman roads, and there is believed to have been a form of military settlement called Lucilinburhuc, which later became Luxembourg. Lucilinburhuc means a small fortress, which is still clearly seen in many places in the city today.
The rocks were quickly built by Siegfried with a castle, and soon after the first urban construction came. It was among other craftsmen and traders who settled on and below the castle cliff, and thus the so-called upper and lower cities were already established at this early stage of Luxembourg’s history.
The place quickly proved to be of clear strategic importance to the area that Siegfried had intended. Over the next several centuries, strengthened fortifications of the ever-expanding settlement were the largest civil engineering works. At the end of the 1100s, the first ring of stone bastions was erected, and thus it was possible to talk about an actual city.
At the beginning of the 1300s, the population pressure on the original, five-hectare city within the walls had become so significant that new defenses were built to the west so that Luxembourg could be expanded in this direction to 23 hectares. It was a major expansion, and the new western city wall (which ran at today’s Boulevard Royal) also formed the city boundary until 1867. The population at the beginning of the 1300s was 5,000.
In 1354, Luxembourg gained the status of duchy, and in the following centuries became involved in the political and military battles of the surrounding powers. The first time was in 1443, when Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, conquered the city, which was integrated into the territory of the Netherlands. In doing so, Luxembourg was also included in the clashes with the Habsburgs.
Luxembourg changed hands four times within a number of years before joining the victorious Spanish Habsburgs. Spaniards strengthened the city’s defenses, and the result was a heavily fortified city that had not only been strengthened against the open plain to the west, but also on the slopes to the river valleys of the north, south and east.
The Habsburg era lasted until 1684, when Louis XIV’s French troops, under the military engineer Vauban’s leadership, conquered Luxembourg. During the 13-year French rule, Vauban expanded and restructured the city’s defense in great style. The lower neighborhoods, which were more difficult to defend, were integrated throughout the area’s defense through new buildings.
In 1697, Luxembourg was returned to the Habsburgs, and after that was almost a century of relative calm. By the end of the 18th century, the population had risen to around 8,500.
Eventually, the power of the Spanish Habsburgs was weakened, and after a long blockade, France conquered Luxembourg in 1795. Through peace negotiations after the Napoleonic Wars, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was established as part of the German Confederation in 1815, and in this connection the city became a German garrison city.
In 1867 there was a close outbreak of war between Bismarck’s Germany and Napoleon III’s France. The war was avoided, and with the signing of the London Peace Agreement, Luxembourg was declared a neutral state in continued personnel union with the Netherlands. A concrete consequence was also that large parts of the city of Luxembourg’s defense works had to be demolished.
After a 900 year period as a fortress city, Luxembourg now had to find a new identity without the many defense buildings. Soon it became clear that it created a unique opportunity for unprecedented expansion, as the old city walls’ growth boundaries were no longer an obstacle, neither geographically nor population wise. Examples of that planning were the construction of the city park to the west, the suburbs of Belair and Limpertsberg as well as the avenue Avenue de la Liberté on the Bourbon Plateau. Many new inhabitants arrived, and after World War I, 46,500 people lived in the city.
During the First World War, Luxembourg was occupied by German troops during the period August 1914-November 1918. During World War II, the city and the country were again occupied, and the capital was liberated on September 10, 1944. Subsequently, bombings continued from German V3 guns.
Luxembourg sought to get international organizations established in the city, and this quickly escalated from 1952, when foreign ministers from landing in the predecessor of today’s EU, the Coal and Steel Union, met in the city and decided to make it the provisional headquarters. With the establishment of the EC in 1957, several of the common market institutions were established in Luxembourg: the Court, the Investment Bank and Parliament’s Secretariat are some of them.
From the 1960s, construction in Luxembourg increased again. The European quarter of the suburb of Kirchberg was built, and today 8,000 work here. The financial sector also grew sharply, the number of bank representations growing from 17 in 1960 to 218 in 1994.
In addition to prosperity, the EU and the financial sector have brought a high degree of internationalization. Thus, almost half of Luxembourg’s inhabitants are foreigners. It leaves its mark on the city, which, despite its modest size in the European context, seems like a cosmopolitan metropolis with an exciting cultural life.
Palais Grand Ducal, Luxembourg[/caption]
Overview of Luxembourg
Luxembourg is the cozy capital of the country of the same name. At the strategically important site where Roman trade routes intersected, fortifications have been built ever since the city’s founding on the rocky promontories on the Alzette River.
Raised across the river are the compact city centers with atmospheric plazas, churches, museums and many places of magnificent views of the river valley to some of the city’s newer neighborhoods. This is where you will find, among others, the Luxembourg Grand Duke’s Palace, the city’s cathedral and several atmospheric plazas with Place d’Armes at the forefront.
Luxembourg’s status as home to several EU institutions has made it an international city. This can be seen in the district of Kirchberg, where the EU buildings are located, and in the street scene, where both population and visitors come from all parts of the continent.
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The Grand Ducal Palace in Luxembourg is the official residence of the country’s regent, who holds the title of Grand Duke. It is also here that the duke performs part of the duties as monarch.
The palace was built in 1572 according to Adam Roberti’s drawings. At the time, it was the city’s town hall, and it replaced the previous town hall, which had been destroyed after an explosion in a gunpowder store in 1554.
The building was extended in the 18th century and again in 1859, and in 1890 the central building of the complex was fitted out as the city residence for the country’s Grand Duke.
Our Lady Cathedral is the Roman Catholic cathedral in both the city and country of Luxembourg. It was founded as a Jesuit church and the foundation stone was laid in 1613. This happened ten years after the Jesuits had established a college in the town and their new church was consecrated in 1621.
The Jesuits left Luxembourg in 1773, and five years later Empress Maria Theresia gave the church to the city of Luxembourg. The church was renamed the Church of Our Lady in 1848 after receiving a miraculous icon, and in 1870 Pope Pius IX elevated the church to cathedral status.
The church was built in Dutch Late Gothic architecture, but you can also see many features from the Renaissance. The cathedral was expanded in 1935-1938, and it is thus not only the original church that can be seen today. From the old Jesuit church you can see, among other things, the western tower, but the other two towers date from the 1930s.
Today you can experience a nice and bright church room, where there are many fine details in the decoration. This applies, for example, to the cathedral’s glass mosaics. Several of Luxembourg’s former grand dukes and grand duchess are buried in the cathedral’s crypt; e.g. Jean, who was Grand Duke from 1964 to 2000.
The Bock Rock is the hearth of Luxembourg City, being the site that Count Siegfried bought in 963 and on which he subsequently built his castle. Thus, Luxembourg was founded, and the place proved to be easy to defend in addition to its strategic location. On three sides, Siegfried’s castle was surrounded by river valleys and the rivers Alzette and Pétrusse. The castle was accessible only from the west, and that was also the direction in which the city developed. The current connecting bridge with the city was built in 1735.
After the Spanish Habsburgs took over the area, they built a new castle in 1620, but this was destroyed during the French conquest of the city in 1684. Subsequently, the former fortress positions were largely restored on three rocky outcrops, known as Great Bock, Middle Bock and Lille Bock. During Maria Theresia’s rule, the fortress was strengthened with 25 underground cannon emplacements; it was in the period 1737-1746 that the so-called Bock casemates were built.
From the Bock rock there is an excellent view of the lower parts of the city, the suburbs of Grund, Clausen and Pfaffenthal. On the opposite side of the Alzette river you can see, among other things, the Neumünster Abbey.
The Adolphe Bridge is one of Luxembourg’s landmarks. It lies beautifully above the stream Pétrusse, and it was built when the new districts developed south of the stream and the old district. The bridge is also called Den Nye Bro, Nei Bréck/Nouveau Pont, although it was built in 1900-1903.
The name is because it is newer than the Passerelle bridge. The design is a copy of the Walnut Lane Bridge in Pennsylvania. At the time of construction, it was the stone bridge in the world that had the largest span on an arch, it measures 85 meters. From the west side of the bridge you can zigzag down to the Pétrusse valley.
This square was created by Vauban in 1685. Previously, the strong Beck bastion (1644) had been built on the site, and it was this that was raised and thereby formed the basis for the establishment of the square itself, which today is a beautiful vantage point.
On the square stands the Memorial Monument/Monument du Souvenir, which was erected in memory of the country’s fallen and fighting in the First World War. It consists of a 21 meter high granite obelisk with a golden lady on top. She is called Gëlle Fra and symbolically extends a laurel wreath to the nation of Luxembourg.
MUDAM is the name of Luxembourg’s finest museum of modern art. It is a museum with an exciting location, as the museum was built on the site of the old Fort Thüngen. The building was designed by award-winning architect Ieoh Ming Pei and the museum was inaugurated in 2006.
MUDAM was established without an established art collection and focused on acquiring works by contemporary artists. Today you can experience a large and exciting collection of works in which many artists are represented. These include Alvar Aalto, Andy Warhol, Bruce Nauman and Daniel Buren.
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