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Nanjing is the capital of Jiangsu Province, China. It is a city whose history can be traced back to the Warring States Period (475-221 BC), when a fortress was built by the Yue State in 472 BC. After the Yue State was taken over by the Chu State, another fortress, known as Jinling, was built to control traffic between the Yangtze and Qinhuai Rivers. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Nanjing was under the jurisdiction of the regions of Moling and Danyang.
The city, then known as Jianye, developed into a political and cultural center of southeastern China during the Three Kingdoms period, which lasted from 220 to 280 AD. This occurred when Sun Quan made it the capital of the Wu Kingdom from 229 to 280 AD. In 317, the city was again chosen as the capital of the Dong Jin dynasty, and it was renamed Jiankang in 313 AD. Nanjing became a refuge for exiled northern families and experienced significant growth and cultural flourishing under subsequent dynasties. Nanjing grew to become perhaps the largest city in the world around 1400 AD, with an estimated population of about 500,000.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, Nanjing underwent major changes. The city became an important trading center along the Yangtze, attracting both Chinese and foreign traders. In the early 20th century, river traffic increased, and the city became known for its busy port and trading activities. Nanjing again became the capital, this time of the Republic of China. This happened for the first time in 1912 after the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic. However, this was only for a short period. The city was again chosen as the capital in 1927 by the Kuomintang under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek. Nanjing remained the capital until 1949, when the Communists under Mao Zedong took power and established the People’s Republic of China with Beijing as its capital.
Before and during World War II, Nanjing was occupied by Japanese forces, which led to extensive destruction and suffering for the city’s inhabitants. This happened not least in connection with the Nanjing Massacre, which took place from December 1937 to January 1938, after the Japanese Imperial Army had captured Nanjing, which was then the capital of the Republic of China. Over a period of six weeks, hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and prisoners of war were brutally murdered by Japanese soldiers. Estimates of the number of people killed vary, but most sources estimate that between 100,000 and 300,000 people were killed. In addition, tens of thousands of women and children were raped, and the city was subjected to extensive looting and destruction. The massacre has been widely documented and remains an important subject in Chinese history and education.
After the end of World War II and the Japanese occupation, Nanjing began a slow reconstruction. In the following decades, Nanjing became an important industrial and commercial center under the Communist government. The city experienced rapid growth and modernization, especially in the 1980s and 1990s, when China began to open its economy and attract foreign investment. Nanjing has also worked to preserve its rich cultural heritage while developing into a modern metropolis. The city is now known for its advanced industries, research institutions, and historical attractions, making it an important cultural and financial center in eastern China.
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is one of the most iconic and historical landmarks in Nanjing. It is a mausoleum on the Purple Mountain ridge, which is located as a large city park in Nanjing. The mausoleum was built in honor of Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic of China, and is an important symbol of Chinese modernization and the beginning of modern China. The mausoleum is known for its impressive architecture and beautiful surroundings, and attracts many visitors every year.
Sun Yat-sen was born on November 12, 1866 in Guangdong Province. He was a physician, revolutionary, and statesman who played a central role in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and founding the Republic of China. He is known today as the Father of China and is revered in both the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan. Sun Yat-sen grew up in a poor farming family and was sent to Hawaii, where his Western ideas and education influenced his political views.
After completing his medical training in Hong Kong, he returned to China and began organizing revolutionary movements against the Qing Dynasty. In 1911, he led the Xinhai Revolution, which led to the fall of the dynasty. Sun Yat-sen became the first provisional president of the Republic of China in 1912, but was soon forced to resign. He continued to work for the unification and modernization of China until his death on March 12, 1925.
The mausoleum was designed by architect Lü Yanzhi and construction began in January 1926 and was completed in the spring of 1929. The building combines elements of traditional Chinese architecture with modern design, reflecting Sun Yat-sen’s vision of a modern China. The mausoleum is located on a hillside and is surrounded by lush forests and well-kept gardens. A long staircase leads up to the main building, where Sun Yat-sen’s sarcophagus is located. From the top of the staircase, there is a stunning view of Nanjing and the surrounding countryside.
Xiao Mausoleum or Ming Xiaoling in Chinese is the other famous mausoleum located in Nanjing, which also houses the Mausoleum of Sun Yat-sen. Both mausoleums are located on the south side of Purple Mountain, a large and green recreational area on a ridge immediately east of Nanjing city center. Xiao Mausoleum is the burial place of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, and as such, the site is important in Chinese history. The mausoleum has also been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Zhu Yuanzhang was the emperor’s personal name, and he was also known as the Hongwu Emperor. The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644, and Zhu Yuanzhang was emperor from 1368 to 1398. The impressive tomb was built from 1381 and completed in 1405. It is believed that 100,000 people helped to build the mausoleum over the years. To avoid grave robbers, tradition says that 13 identical processions left from 13 different city gates in Nanjing for the emperor’s funeral. This was to hide the mausoleum where the emperor was buried.
When you enter the Xiaoling Mausoleum, you are first greeted by the monumental gate, where visitors traditionally dismounted their horses as a sign of respect. Shortly after the entrance, you will see a pavilion known as Si Fang Cheng. Here, there is a large stone slab being carried by a bixi, a legendary turtle-like creature. It was built by Emperor Zhu Di in honor of his father. From the pavilion, you continue along the 1,800-meter-long sacred road, which is flanked by several pairs of stone sculptured animals, symbolizing the emperor’s power and the stability of the dynasty. These animals include lions, camels, and elephants, each with its own symbolic meaning.
Further along the road, you pass two decorative pillars called Hua Biao, which are adorned with dragons. After that, the road changes direction and becomes known as Weng Zhong, where there are stone sculptures of ministers and generals. Continuing north, you reach the central part of the Xiaoling Mausoleum. This is the tomb complex itself, which is surrounded by lush forests and well-kept gardens. The mausoleum is also known for its magnificent architecture and harmonious integration with the natural landscape.
The Nanjing City Wall is an impressive structure built during the Ming Dynasty by Emperor Hongwu, who founded the dynasty in 1368. Construction of the wall began when the emperor chose Nanjing as the capital of the empire, and the massive construction was completed in 1386, requiring the labor of about 200,000 workers. The wall was built to protect the city from attack and to consolidate the emperor’s power. The original wall stretched for about 35 kilometers and enclosed an area of about 55 square kilometers, making it one of the largest city walls ever built in China. The wall was constructed with about 350 million bricks, with each brick engraved with the name of the official responsible for its quality.
The Nanjing Wall originally had thirteen city gates, but this number increased to eighteen by the end of the Qing Dynasty. The most famous gates include Zhonghua Gate and Heping Gate. Zhonghua Gate is one of the best preserved of the city’s ancient gates and is known for its complex structure with multiple layers of defense. Heping Gate is still in use as a military barracks and is therefore closed to the public. There are also other preserved city gates such as Hanzhongmen, which are partially preserved or reconstructed.
Today, about 21 kilometers of the original city wall are still intact, making it one of the best preserved ancient city walls in China. The wall has become an important cultural and historical monument, and you can walk or cycle to the top of the wall and enjoy the fantastic views of Nanjing and its surroundings. Several sections of the wall, such as those at Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain, offer scenic routes and are popular routes for both locals and tourists who want to experience the colossal structure and the atmosphere of this part of Nanjing.
Nanjing Fuzimiao, also known as the Confucius Temple, is a temple whose history dates back to the year 1034 during the Song Dynasty. The temple was originally built to honor and worship the great Chinese philosopher and teacher Confucius. However, the current temple is not the original one, as the complex has undergone several destructions and reconstructions over the centuries. In 1937, the temple was almost completely destroyed by Japanese forces during their invasion of Nanjing and China. After the war, the temple was rebuilt with the support of the local government and reopened in 1984.
The architecture of Nanjing Fuzimiao is a beautiful blend of styles from the Ming and Qing dynasties. The temple consists of several buildings and pavilions located around a central courtyard. The Dacheng Pavilion is one of the most impressive buildings in the complex. The hall is known for its tall columns, ornate roofs, and detailed carvings that reflect traditional Chinese architecture. In front of the temple flows the Qinhuai River, and on its southern bank lies China’s longest screen wall, beautifully decorated, 110 meters long and built of brick. The area around the temple is also known for its narrow streets and traditional buildings, giving visitors a sense of stepping back in time.
The Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders is a museum commemorating the people killed during the Nanjing Massacre by the Imperial Japanese Army in and around the then capital of China, Nanjing, after its fall on December 13, 1937. The museum is located in the southwest of Nanjing city center near a site where thousands of bodies were buried in connection with the massacre.
The Memorial Hall was opened in 1985 and the museum consists of both indoor and outdoor exhibitions about the massacre and its victims. The outdoor area includes the large statue Family Ruined, which symbolizes the destruction and suffering caused by the massacre. Inside, there is an extensive exhibition documenting the horrors of the massacre and its historical context. The massacre is believed to have resulted in the deaths of between 100,000 and 300,000 Chinese, in addition to other victims of rape and looting.
Jiming Temple is a Buddhist temple in Nanjing. Its history dates back to its founding in 527, making it one of the temples in the city. The current temple complex dates back to the Ming Dynasty, when Emperor Hongwu built it. However, the temple was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century, but it was rebuilt after the turbulent times.
The temple is worth seeing with a fine atmosphere and architecture with several pavilions and halls. The most characteristic part of Jiming Temple is the complex’s seven-story pagoda, which towers well above the landscape and the rest of the buildings. The pagoda is located with beautiful views of Xuanwu Lake and can be seen as part of Nanjing’s skyline with the city’s modern skyscrapers as a contrast.
Linggu Temple is a Buddhist temple that was originally built in 515 during the Liang Dynasty. The temple is located in the Purple Mountain area, where you can also visit other major attractions in Nanjing. Originally located at the foot of Purple Mountain, the temple was moved to its current location by Emperor Hongwu, the founder of the Ming Dynasty. The temple was later destroyed during the Qing Dynasty, and was rebuilt during the reign of Emperor Tongzhi. Linggu Temple is known for its quiet and scenic location amidst ancient trees and flowers, creating a peaceful atmosphere.
The architecture of Linggu Temple is worth noting when visiting the temple complex. One of the most famous buildings is the Wuliang Hall from 1381. The hall is 22 meters high and 53 meters wide and was built without the use of wood or nails. You can also see the Linggu Pagoda, which was built between 1930 and 1932 in memory of the soldiers who lost their lives during the so-called Northern Expedition in 1926-1928, when Chiang Kai-shek’s National Revolutionary Army expelled a number of local warlords in northern China. The pagoda, designed by American architect Henry K. Murphy, is nine stories high. The temple also houses the Xuanzang Memorial Hall, dedicated to the famous Tang Dynasty monk Xuanzang.
Qinhuai is a river that flows through Nanjing. The river is a tributary of the Yangtze and is 110 kilometers long. The Qinhuai River is a popular attraction in Nanjing, known for its scenic beauty and attractions along its banks.
Along the Qinhuai, you can see the Confucius Temple Nanjing Fuzimiao/南京夫子庙, which is an important cultural and religious site in the city. The temple is surrounded by traditional buildings and shops selling local crafts and souvenirs. The area is especially beautiful at night, when it is lit up with lanterns, and it is a great place to take a boat ride to really soak up the atmosphere.
You can also see Nanjing’s colossal city walls along the river. It is also on this stretch that the impressive Zhonghua Gate stands. The gate is one of the best-preserved parts of Nanjing’s ancient city wall, and from it there is a fantastic view of the river and the city. The area around Zhonghua Gate is also a place with restaurants and tea cafes, where you can taste local dishes and enjoy the view.
Many other attractions such as residences, famous gardens, bridges and historical sites can be seen on a stroll along the Qinhuai, but a boat trip departing from the area at Nanjing Fuzimiao is the best way to enjoy the scenery. It takes place on traditional Chinese boats adorned with colorful lanterns, which sail calmly on the water, providing a peaceful and picturesque experience.
The Presidential Palace is a complex of buildings in Nanjing that was the official residence of several Chinese leaders from 1368 to 1949. Today, the palace is housed in a museum documenting China’s modern history, the China Modern History Museum/中国近代史遗址博物馆. The palace is known for its blend of Western and Chinese architecture and for the museum’s interesting exhibits. A visit to the palace allows you to explore the various buildings and gardens and gain an insight into China’s political history.
The Presidential Palace has a long and complex history spanning several centuries. Originally built during the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century, the palace served as the residence of the Prince of Han. During the Qing Dynasty, it was converted into the office of the Governor-General of the Liangjiang region, which included present-day Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Jiangxi. In 1853, the palace was captured by the Taiping Rebellion and transformed into the luxurious and so-called Heavenly King’s Palace. After the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, Sun Yat-sen was installed as the provisional president of the Republic of China in the palace, and from 1927 to 1949, the palace served as the headquarters of the Chinese government under Chiang Kai-shek. The complex became a museum after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China.
The architecture and layout of the Presidential Palace is interesting. The building is a fascinating mix of traditional Chinese and Western styles, and it has, among other things, a central axis and two garden complexes. The central axis houses the main government buildings such as Zichao Tower, which was built in 1934 and is an early example of modern Chinese architecture. The western garden is known as Xuyuan Garden and is a typical southern Chinese garden with beautiful pavilions, stone boats and traditional buildings. The eastern garden contains several buildings such as the Tao Lin Er Gong Shrine.
At the palace museum, you can learn about China’s modern history through its extensive exhibitions, which provide in-depth insight into the political and military events that have shaped the country. You can choose to focus on some parts of the country’s modern history or get a general introduction to China’s development. You can see historical sites such as the Office of the Provisional President, where Sun Yat-sen held his first cabinet meeting in 1912. The Presidential Palace is thus not only an architecturally interesting place, but also a living testament to China’s transformation from historical dynasties to modern times.
Suzhou is a city in Jiangsu Province, China. It is a city with a long history, which began with the founding of Suzhou in 514 BC by General Wu Zixu on the orders of King He Lu of the Wu State. Suzhou quickly became an important center of trade and culture in the Yangtze River Delta. During the Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD), the city became a vital economic center thanks to the construction of the Grand Canal, which connected Suzhou to other major cities in China.
During the Song Dynasty, which ruled from 960–1279, Suzhou experienced a period of prosperity, when the city became known for its agricultural production, crafts, and trade. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which ruled China from 1368 to 1911, Suzhou continued to develop as a cultural and economic center. The city became famous for its silk factories and for its classical Chinese gardens, which attracted scholars and artists from all over the country.
Hangzhou is one of China’s seven ancient capitals, it was founded more than 2,000 years ago during the Qin Dynasty. In the first centuries, the city was a small settlement, but after the construction of the city walls in 591, development took off. The city was thus very prosperous in the subsequent Tang dynasty from the 600s to the 900s, not least because of its fortifications and strategically good location at the southern end of the Grand Canal.
Hangzhou’s population exploded to nearly half a million in the 12th century, making it one of the world’s largest cities. Marco Polo visited Hangzhou in the 13th century, and he described it as undoubtedly the most beautiful in the world. Large parts of the city’s historic buildings were destroyed in the 19th century, but the sights are still so fine that the city is one of the most visited in China.
Jiming Temple, Nanjing, China[/caption]
Overview of Nanjing
Nanjing is the capital of Jiangsu Province, China. It is a city whose history can be traced back to the Warring States Period (475-221 BC), when a fortress was built by the Yue State in 472 BC. After the Yue State was taken over by the Chu State, another fortress, known as Jinling, was built to control traffic between the Yangtze and Qinhuai Rivers. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Nanjing was under the jurisdiction of the regions of Moling and Danyang.
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Nanjing Fuzimiao, also known as the Confucius Temple, is a temple whose history dates back to the year 1034 during the Song Dynasty. The temple was originally built to honor and worship the great Chinese philosopher and teacher Confucius. However, the current temple is not the original one, as the complex has undergone several destructions and reconstructions over the centuries. In 1937, the temple was almost completely destroyed by Japanese forces during their invasion of Nanjing and China. After the war, the temple was rebuilt with the support of the local government and reopened in 1984.
The architecture of Nanjing Fuzimiao is a beautiful blend of styles from the Ming and Qing dynasties. The temple consists of several buildings and pavilions located around a central courtyard. The Dacheng Pavilion is one of the most impressive buildings in the complex. The hall is known for its tall columns, ornate roofs, and detailed carvings that reflect traditional Chinese architecture. In front of the temple flows the Qinhuai River, and on its southern bank lies China’s longest screen wall, beautifully decorated, 110 meters long and built of brick. The area around the temple is also known for its narrow streets and traditional buildings, giving visitors a sense of stepping back in time.
The Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders is a museum commemorating the people killed during the Nanjing Massacre by the Imperial Japanese Army in and around the then capital of China, Nanjing, after its fall on December 13, 1937. The museum is located in the southwest of Nanjing city center near a site where thousands of bodies were buried in connection with the massacre.
The Memorial Hall was opened in 1985 and the museum consists of both indoor and outdoor exhibitions about the massacre and its victims. The outdoor area includes the large statue Family Ruined, which symbolizes the destruction and suffering caused by the massacre. Inside, there is an extensive exhibition documenting the horrors of the massacre and its historical context. The massacre is believed to have resulted in the deaths of between 100,000 and 300,000 Chinese, in addition to other victims of rape and looting.
Jiming Temple is a Buddhist temple in Nanjing. Its history dates back to its founding in 527, making it one of the temples in the city. The current temple complex dates back to the Ming Dynasty, when Emperor Hongwu built it. However, the temple was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century, but it was rebuilt after the turbulent times.
The temple is worth seeing with a fine atmosphere and architecture with several pavilions and halls. The most characteristic part of Jiming Temple is the complex’s seven-story pagoda, which towers well above the landscape and the rest of the buildings. The pagoda is located with beautiful views of Xuanwu Lake and can be seen as part of Nanjing’s skyline with the city’s modern skyscrapers as a contrast.
Linggu Temple is a Buddhist temple that was originally built in 515 during the Liang Dynasty. The temple is located in the Purple Mountain area, where you can also visit other major attractions in Nanjing. Originally located at the foot of Purple Mountain, the temple was moved to its current location by Emperor Hongwu, the founder of the Ming Dynasty. The temple was later destroyed during the Qing Dynasty, and was rebuilt during the reign of Emperor Tongzhi. Linggu Temple is known for its quiet and scenic location amidst ancient trees and flowers, creating a peaceful atmosphere.
The architecture of Linggu Temple is worth noting when visiting the temple complex. One of the most famous buildings is the Wuliang Hall from 1381. The hall is 22 meters high and 53 meters wide and was built without the use of wood or nails. You can also see the Linggu Pagoda, which was built between 1930 and 1932 in memory of the soldiers who lost their lives during the so-called Northern Expedition in 1926-1928, when Chiang Kai-shek’s National Revolutionary Army expelled a number of local warlords in northern China. The pagoda, designed by American architect Henry K. Murphy, is nine stories high. The temple also houses the Xuanzang Memorial Hall, dedicated to the famous Tang Dynasty monk Xuanzang.
Qinhuai is a river that flows through Nanjing. The river is a tributary of the Yangtze and is 110 kilometers long. The Qinhuai River is a popular attraction in Nanjing, known for its scenic beauty and attractions along its banks.
Along the Qinhuai, you can see the Confucius Temple Nanjing Fuzimiao/南京夫子庙, which is an important cultural and religious site in the city. The temple is surrounded by traditional buildings and shops selling local crafts and souvenirs. The area is especially beautiful at night, when it is lit up with lanterns, and it is a great place to take a boat ride to really soak up the atmosphere.
You can also see Nanjing’s colossal city walls along the river. It is also on this stretch that the impressive Zhonghua Gate stands. The gate is one of the best-preserved parts of Nanjing’s ancient city wall, and from it there is a fantastic view of the river and the city. The area around Zhonghua Gate is also a place with restaurants and tea cafes, where you can taste local dishes and enjoy the view.
Many other attractions such as residences, famous gardens, bridges and historical sites can be seen on a stroll along the Qinhuai, but a boat trip departing from the area at Nanjing Fuzimiao is the best way to enjoy the scenery. It takes place on traditional Chinese boats adorned with colorful lanterns, which sail calmly on the water, providing a peaceful and picturesque experience.
The Presidential Palace is a complex of buildings in Nanjing that was the official residence of several Chinese leaders from 1368 to 1949. Today, the palace is housed in a museum documenting China’s modern history, the China Modern History Museum/中国近代史遗址博物馆. The palace is known for its blend of Western and Chinese architecture and for the museum’s interesting exhibits. A visit to the palace allows you to explore the various buildings and gardens and gain an insight into China’s political history.
The Presidential Palace has a long and complex history spanning several centuries. Originally built during the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century, the palace served as the residence of the Prince of Han. During the Qing Dynasty, it was converted into the office of the Governor-General of the Liangjiang region, which included present-day Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Jiangxi. In 1853, the palace was captured by the Taiping Rebellion and transformed into the luxurious and so-called Heavenly King’s Palace. After the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, Sun Yat-sen was installed as the provisional president of the Republic of China in the palace, and from 1927 to 1949, the palace served as the headquarters of the Chinese government under Chiang Kai-shek. The complex became a museum after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China.
The architecture and layout of the Presidential Palace is interesting. The building is a fascinating mix of traditional Chinese and Western styles, and it has, among other things, a central axis and two garden complexes. The central axis houses the main government buildings such as Zichao Tower, which was built in 1934 and is an early example of modern Chinese architecture. The western garden is known as Xuyuan Garden and is a typical southern Chinese garden with beautiful pavilions, stone boats and traditional buildings. The eastern garden contains several buildings such as the Tao Lin Er Gong Shrine.
At the palace museum, you can learn about China’s modern history through its extensive exhibitions, which provide in-depth insight into the political and military events that have shaped the country. You can choose to focus on some parts of the country’s modern history or get a general introduction to China’s development. You can see historical sites such as the Office of the Provisional President, where Sun Yat-sen held his first cabinet meeting in 1912. The Presidential Palace is thus not only an architecturally interesting place, but also a living testament to China’s transformation from historical dynasties to modern times.
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